Saudi Arabia
Quick Facts
- Capital:
- Riyadh
- Official Language(s):
- Arabic
- Currency:
- Saudi riyal (ر.س)
- Population:
- 34,813,867
Overview
Saudi Arabia, officially the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), is a country in West Asia. Located in the centre of the Middle East, it covers the bulk of the Arabian Peninsula and has a land area of about 2,150,000 km2 (830,000 sq mi), making it the fifth-largest country in Asia, the largest in the Middle East, and the 12th-largest in the world. It is bordered by the Red Sea to the west; Jordan, Iraq, and Kuwait to the north; the Persian Gulf, Bahrain, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates to the east; Oman to the southeast; and Yemen to the south. The Gulf of Aqaba in the northwest separates Saudi Arabia from Egypt and Israel. Saudi Arabia is the only country with a coastline along both the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and most of its terrain consists of arid desert, lowland, steppe, and mountains. The capital and largest city is Riyadh; other major cities include Jeddah and the two holiest cities in Islam, Mecca and Medina. With a population of almost 32.2 million, Saudi Arabia is the fourth most populous country in the Arab world.
Institutional Framework
- Rule of law and contract enforcement
- Control of corruption
- Government effectiveness and regulatory quality
* Indicators normalized to 0-100 scale
Economic Structure
Economic Health & Trade
Economic Scale & Power
An economy with $874,156,000,000B(2021) GDP, showing strong growth at 5.1%(2021). Upper-middle income economy with good development.
- GDP Growth
- 5.1%(2021)
- GDP PPP
- $1.72T
Economic Structure
Economic structure shows 47.1%(2021) in services, 44.2%(2021) in industry, and 2.7%(2021) in agriculture. Industry-driven economy.
Economic Health & Trade
Economic health indicators show 6.6%(2021) unemployment and 3.1%(2021) inflation. Trade profile with 32.8%(2021) exports and 24.4%(2021) imports as % of GDP.
Innovation & Competitiveness
High-Tech Exports
0.3
% of manufactured exports
ICT Exports
0.4
% of total goods exports
Digital Adoption
100.0
% of population using internet
Mobile Connectivity
126.4
Subscriptions per 100 people
Manufacturing Value
13.2
% of GDP
International Position
Financial & Trade Geography
Trade Profile
Trade represents 57.14%(2021) of GDP, with a trade balance of 8.41%(2021).
- FDI Inflows
- 2.64%(2021)
- FDI Outflows
- 2.82%(2021)
Financial Security
External Debt
N/A
Foreign Reserves
$473.89B(2021)(25.0 months of imports)
Supply Chain & Technology
Technology Trade
- ICT Imports
- 7.45%(2021)
- High-Tech Exports
- 0.31%(2021)
Economic Structure
- Manufacturing
- 13.21%(2021)
- Services
- 47.12%(2021)
Trade Agreements & Dependencies
Trade Agreements
Critical Dependencies
- energy
Growth Trajectory
Growth Potential Indicators
Human Capital
Education and workforce development
Trade Position
International trade and competitiveness
Economic Structure
Sectoral balance and sophistication
Demographics & Human Capital
Demographics
Population Overview
Total population of 30,784,383(2021) with -2.5%(2021) annual growth. Median age is N/A with fertility rate at 2.427 births/woman(2021).
- Life Expectancy
- 76.936 years(2021)
- Birth Rate
- 17.473 per 1,000(2021)
Age Structure
Working-age population (72.2%(2021)) with youth at 25.2%(2021) and elderly at 2.6%(2021). Total dependency ratio: 38.6%(2021).
- Young Dependency
- 34.9%(2021)
- Old Dependency
- 3.6%(2021)
Gender & Migration
Population is 39.3%(2021) female and 60.7%(2021) male, with sex ratio of 1.051 males/female(2021) at birth. Net migration: -106,287(2021).
- Male Mortality
- 99.919/1,000(2021)
- Female Mortality
- 80.846/1,000(2021)
Development Indicators
Urban population growing at -2.2%(2021) annually, with 15.5%(2021) in rural areas. Literacy rate: N/A.
- Urbanization
- 84.5%(2021)
- Infant Mortality
- 5.7 per 1,000(2021)
Population Structure
- Labor force participation and productivity
- Tax contributions to support social services
- Innovation and economic growth
An aging population (top-heavy pyramid) or youth bulge (bottom-heavy) can create demographic pressures on social systems and economic stability.
Source: World Bank Development Indicators
Security Context
Geographic & Resource Security
Food & Agriculture
Arable land comprises 1.6%(2021) of territory, with 80.8%(2021) total agricultural land. Cereal yield: 4,727.5 kg/hectare(2021).
- Food Production Index
- 167.23(2021)
- Cereal Production
- 877,638 MT(2021)
Energy Security
Net energy imports at N/A of consumption. Renewable energy makes up 100.0%(2021) of total. Electricity access: N/A.
- Resource Rents
- N/A
Water Resources
Fresh water resources of 59 m³/capita(2021) per person. Annual precipitation: 0.454 mm(2021).
- Forest Area
- 7.2%(2021)
Environmental Vulnerability
78.0%(2021) of population affected by climate disasters. Forest coverage at 7.2%(2021) providing natural buffer.
- Annual Rainfall
- 0.454 mm(2021)
Military & Security
Military Capabilities
Military expenditure at N/A of GDP. Armed forces personnel: 1,803,000,000(2021) ( N/A of labor force).
- Arms Exports
- 333 USD(2021)
- Arms Imports
- 6 USD(2021)
Strategic Status
Military Alliances
Nuclear Status
Non-Nuclear State
Security Environment
Refugee population: 1,338,260(2021)Internally displaced: 1,368,825(2021)
Strategic Geography
Strategic Features
- Borders 7 countries