Australia

Quick Facts

🇦🇺
Capital:
Canberra
Official Language(s):
English
Currency:
Australian dollar ($)
Population:
25,687,041

Overview

Australia, officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania and numerous smaller islands. It has a total area of 7,688,287 km2 (2,968,464 sq mi), making it the sixth-largest country in the world and the largest in Oceania. Australia is the world's flattest and driest inhabited continent. It is a megadiverse country, and its size gives it a wide variety of landscapes and climates including deserts in the interior and tropical rainforests along the coast.

Institutional Framework

The strength of a country's institutions directly impacts its economic development and stability. Strong institutions reduce uncertainty, protect property rights, and enable efficient markets through:
  • Rule of law and contract enforcement
  • Control of corruption
  • Government effectiveness and regulatory quality

* Indicators normalized to 0-100 scale

Economic Structure

The composition of an economy reveals its strengths, vulnerabilities, and potential for growth. Understanding the balance between sectors (agriculture, industry, services) and their sophistication helps assess economic resilience and development opportunities.

Economic Health & Trade

Economic Scale & Power

An economy with $1.56TB(2021) GDP, showing moderate growth at 2.1%(2021). Advanced economy with high living standards.

GDP Growth
2.1%(2021)
GDP PPP
$1.49T

Economic Structure

Economic structure shows 65.7%(2021) in services, 25.4%(2021) in industry, and 2.3%(2021) in agriculture. Balanced economic structure.

Economic Health & Trade

Economic health indicators show 5.1%(2021) unemployment and 2.9%(2021) inflation. Trade profile with 22.1%(2021) exports and 18.2%(2021) imports as % of GDP.

Unemployment
5.1%(2021)
Inflation
2.9%(2021)
Exports/GDP
22.1%(2021)
Imports/GDP
18.2%(2021)

Innovation & Competitiveness

Innovation capacity determines a country's ability to compete in the global knowledge economy. Key indicators like R&D investment, patent applications, and high-tech exports reveal the potential for sustainable economic growth and value creation.

High-Tech Exports

22.4

% of manufactured exports

ICT Exports

0.9

% of total goods exports

Digital Adoption

95.0

% of population using internet

Mobile Connectivity

104.5

Subscriptions per 100 people

Manufacturing Value

5.5

% of GDP

International Position

A country's integration into global markets affects its economic opportunities and risks. Trade relationships, financial flows, and geographic advantages or constraints shape its development trajectory and resilience to external shocks.

Financial & Trade Geography

Trade Profile

Trade represents 40.30%(2021) of GDP, with a trade balance of 3.81%(2021).

FDI Inflows
2.02%(2021)
FDI Outflows
0.46%(2021)

Financial Security

External Debt

N/A

Foreign Reserves

$57.88B(2021)(1.8 months of imports)

Supply Chain & Technology

Technology Trade

ICT Imports
10.00%(2021)
High-Tech Exports
22.39%(2021)

Economic Structure

Manufacturing
5.51%(2021)
Services
65.73%(2021)

Trade Agreements & Dependencies

Trade Agreements

CPTPPRCEPASEAN-ANZ

Critical Dependencies

  • rare earths

Growth Trajectory

Understanding growth patterns helps predict future economic performance and development challenges. Key factors include productivity trends, investment levels, and structural transformation progress, which together determine long-term prosperity potential.

Growth Potential Indicators

Human Capital

Education and workforce development

73.6/100

Trade Position

International trade and competitiveness

18.0/100

Economic Structure

Sectoral balance and sophistication

35.6/100

Demographics & Human Capital

Demographics are fundamental to understanding a country's economic potential and challenges. The population structure influences everything from labor force availability to social security systems and public spending priorities.

Demographics

Population Overview

Total population of 25,685,412(2021) with 0.1%(2021) annual growth. Median age is N/A with fertility rate at 1.7 births/woman(2021).

Life Expectancy
83.3 years(2021)
Birth Rate
12.1 per 1,000(2021)

Age Structure

Working-age population (64.8%(2021)) with youth at 18.4%(2021) and elderly at 16.7%(2021). Total dependency ratio: 54.3%(2021).

Young Dependency
28.4%(2021)
Old Dependency
25.8%(2021)

Gender & Migration

Population is 50.4%(2021) female and 49.6%(2021) male, with sex ratio of 1.057 males/female(2021) at birth. Net migration: 116,768(2021).

Male Mortality
N/A
Female Mortality
N/A

Development Indicators

Urban population growing at 0.3%(2021) annually, with 13.6%(2021) in rural areas. Literacy rate: N/A.

Urbanization
86.4%(2021)
Infant Mortality
3.2 per 1,000(2021)

Population Structure

The population pyramid visualizes the age and gender distribution, revealing crucial insights about economic sustainability. A balanced pyramid with a strong working-age population (typically ages 15-64) indicates greater economic potential, as this group supports both the younger and older generations through:
  • Labor force participation and productivity
  • Tax contributions to support social services
  • Innovation and economic growth

An aging population (top-heavy pyramid) or youth bulge (bottom-heavy) can create demographic pressures on social systems and economic stability.

Source: World Bank Development Indicators

Security Context

Security considerations fundamentally affect economic development and investment attractiveness. Both geographic factors and military capabilities influence a country's stability and its ability to protect economic interests and maintain sustainable growth.

Geographic & Resource Security

Food & Agriculture

Arable land comprises 4.1%(2021) of territory, with 47.3%(2021) total agricultural land. Cereal yield: 2,547.7 kg/hectare(2021).

Food Production Index
107.15(2021)
Cereal Production
51,077,697.91 MT(2021)

Energy Security

Net energy imports at N/A of consumption. Renewable energy makes up 100.0%(2021) of total. Electricity access: N/A.

Resource Rents
N/A

Water Resources

Fresh water resources of 534 m³/capita(2021) per person. Annual precipitation: 17.421 mm(2021).

Forest Area
2.0%(2021)

Environmental Vulnerability

19154.8%(2021) of population affected by climate disasters. Forest coverage at 2.0%(2021) providing natural buffer.

Annual Rainfall
17.421 mm(2021)

Military & Security

Military Capabilities

Military expenditure at N/A of GDP. Armed forces personnel: 1,215,000,000(2021) ( 176000000.00%(2021) of labor force).

Arms Exports
55,606 USD(2021)
Arms Imports
N/A

Strategic Status

Military Alliances

No major military alliances

Nuclear Status

Non-Nuclear State

Security Environment

Refugee population: 777,395(2021)Internally displaced: 826,565(2021)

Strategic Geography

Strategic Features